A summer season of shark attacks has left many beaches around the world empty, but the likelihood that the average person will die from a shark attack is relatively low. In fact, sharks don't even place in the to 10 deadliest animals to humans. But the animal most commonly responsible for human deaths around the world may surprise you.
Sharks are some of the most feared and loathed creatures in the animal kingdom.
But for all the hype spurred by "Shark Week" and movies like "Jaws," the odds of actually being attacked by one are pretty slim —about 1 in 11.5 million.
Still, humanity can't help but be intrigued, and a little frightened, by the odd encounter with one of these magnificent oceangoing beasts.
Here are a few of the most incredible encounters with sharks so far this year.
Scientists have seen plenty of big sharks, but this 20-foot great white may be the largest one ever caught on camera. Her name is Deep Blue, and she appears to be pregnant.
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When great whites hunt, they approach their prey from below, like this shark caught launching itself into the air. The incredible footage was shot in Mossel Bay, South Africa, by Remo Sabatini on July 6.
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Sometimes, one shark just isn't enough. A fisherman caught this giant tiger shark, then realized the massive creature had already swallowed a hammerhead.
A marine scientist is dwarfed by what is being called the biggest shark ever caught on camera in a recent video taken near Mexico's Guadalupe Island.
How did this 20-foot-long (6 meters) great white Internet sensation become such a behemoth?
Named Deep Blue, the female shark made a colossal impression in video clips shared on Facebook by shark researcher Mauricio Hoyos Padilla, director of Pelagios-Kakunjá A.C., a nonprofit organization that focuses on sharks and other open-water species.
Even though great white females are typically larger than males, they average just 15 to 16 feet (just under 5 m) in length. Deep Blue's exceptional size, it turns out, is probably a combination of genetics and environment, experts say. [See Stunning Images of Great White Sharks]Image may be NSFW. Clik here to view.
Slow and steady growth
Great white sharks need decades to reach adult size, and they continue to grow throughout their lifetimes. So, a much-bigger-than-average shark, like Deep Blue, is likely an older shark.
In fact, Gregory Skomal, a fisheries biologist at the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, and his colleagues found great whites grow even more slowly than scientists had thought.
The biologists' research, published in January in the journal Marine and Freshwater Research, suggested males take 26 years to reach sexual maturity, whereas females aren't ready to have babies until they're about 33 years old — much later than once thought. That study also showed that great whites could live to be at least 73.
Padilla estimated that Deep Blue was about 50 years old, based on her size. Skomal's study hints that there may be much older sharks than Deep Blue out there, and they could be even bigger.
After reaching maturity, white sharks' growth slows — but it doesn’t stop.
A number of factors influence shark growth and could have contributed to Deep Blue's unusual size, said Neil Hammerschlag, research assistant professor at the University of Miami's Rosenstiel School and Abess Center. Genetics certainly play a part; some individuals are naturally predisposed to be larger, and great white females are typically bigger than males, Hammerschlag said.
Environment and food supply are also important; plenty of nutritious meals would fuel steady growth, as could warmer waters. Great whites inhabit most seas and oceans, and average body size can also vary depending on where the population is found.
Big mama
But Deep Blue wasn't just longer than the average great white; she was also very wide around the middle. Padilla pointed to her unusual girth as a sign of pregnancy.
And being "50 and pregnant" isn't a big deal for a shark. Once females reach sexual maturity in their mid-30s, the sharks can continue to reproduce for the rest of their lives.
The number of young a shark births can vary, but litters with as many as 10 pups have been documented, said Tobey Curtis of the National Marine Fisheries Service. And bigger sharks are more likely to produce big litters, making larger females important from a conservation standpoint.
"The more big females like Deep Blue that we have in the population, the better off the white shark population will be," Curtis told Live Science.
Glimpses of exceptionally large great whites like Deep Blue can help to shed light on the many unknowns of these elusive creatures.
"There's a lot we still don't know," said Gavin Naylor, a biology professor at the College of Charleston. Great whites are especially difficult to raise and study in captivity, and as with any big marine animal, observing their habits in the ocean depths is challenging and often dangerous, Naylor added.
Technologies like satellite tracking are revealing more about great whites and their lifestyles, and scientists may yet discover that 50-something giants like Deep Blue are not so rare after all. "Sharks that live in deep, cold water could be much older — well over 100," Naylor said.
However, deaths caused by snakebites are difficult to estimate because they tend to occur in very rural areas where they are often under reported.
One 2008 PLOS Medicine study estimates that the number of people who die of snakebites can be anywhere from 20,000 to 94,000 every year.
One reason that snakes are so dangerous is that many species have venom that often kill in a matter of minutes.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 600 of the known 3,000 species of snakes are venomous. Of these the WHO considers 200 of them to be "medically important," meaning that they're responsible for the most injuries, deaths, and disabilities.
Though it's considered the most venomous snake, the inland taipan isn't actually the most dangerous because it doesn't encounter many people. According to National Geographic, the most dangerous snakes are the ones that live alongside people in areas where access to antivenom and medical care is limited. That's one reason venomous snakes have such high fatality numbers.
"The most venomous snake is the one that bites you," Steven Seifert, the director of the New Mexico Poison and Drug Information Center, told National Geographic.
Image may be NSFW. Clik here to view.Death by snake bite is not much of a problem In the United States, the Center for Disease Control estimates 7,000 to 8,000 people are bitten by deadly snakes every year but just 5 people die — usually the ones that didn't seek immediate medical care.
But other countries with less access to medical care are a different story: Approximately 11,000 people in India die from snake bites every year, according to the PLOS study.
Compared to sharks and other dangerous animals — like humans — snakes are up there in their kill rate. But there's one tiny, annoying critter that's kills far more people than venomous snakes and sharks combined.
U.S. shark researchers caught and tagged 2,835 sharks along the East Coast this spring, a record number which they say reflects a growing population thanks to federal protections.
It surpassed the 1,831 sharks captured and tagged in 2012 during the survey which is conducted every three years by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
The numbers have increased in each survey since 2001, and point to steady population gains, NOAA spokeswoman Shelley Dawicki said.
The increased shark count comes in the wake of a spate of shark attacks on swimmers this summer off the coast of Florida and the Carolinas, though researchers say the annual trend is about normal.
Sharks were on the decline in 1986 when the first survey took place during a worldwide boom in commercial sharkfin fisheries to feed Asian markets.
U.S. protections for sharks in a fishery management plan went into effect in 1993. The plan banned fishing for certain sharks and limited fishing seasons for others, among other rules.
"I think that's what turned it around - effective management. Just the decrease in fishing pressure on these species has helped quite a bit," said Lisa Natanson, a scientist who leads the survey at the Narragansett Laboratory of NOAA Fisheries' Northeast Fisheries Science Center.
The survey, which takes place in April and May, begins off the coast of Florida where sharks spend the winter and spring and follows their migration route to Delaware as waters warm. This year and last, bad weather ended the survey in North Carolina.
Since 1996, each survey has been conducted in same manner, including use of the same bait and gear, Natanson said. The researchers note the age, sex, size and location of the sharks they encounter during tagging.
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The survey allows researchers to collect data immediately, as well as years later when a tagged shark is inadvertently caught in fishing gear.
The NOAA survey is the longest running coastal shark research survey along the East Coast, but many other shark tagging programs add to research data, Natanson said.
NOAA's Cooperative Shark Tagging Program involves 7,000 volunteer commercial and recreational anglers who tag sharks on the Gulf and Atlantic in North America and Europe.
A tagging and tracking project for mako sharks at the Guy Harvey Research Institute at Nova Southeastern University since 2009 has been following the sharks migratory behavior.
Sharks attacked more than half a dozen surfers in North and South Carolina in a three-week period this summer — more than all of last year's attacks in those states combined.
The Carolinas weren't alone. A string of shark attacks has left some of Australia's most popular and best-known surfing beaches deserted, according to Reuters.
Experts say it's because this summer brewed the perfect storm for shark attacks: warmer ocean water, which attracts more sharks to shore, and more people than ever heading to beaches for a swim.
The solution is not to kill off more sharks — humans already slay 100 million a year just for their fins. That industry is already having catastrophic effects on delicate ocean ecosystems, and there's no reason to exacerbate the problem.
A more humane idea is to repel sharks. That's why an inventor has developed a $390 device surfers can embed in their boards to allegedly overpower the predators' delicate, electricity-sensing hunting organs.
Keep scrolling to see these high-tech surfboards and how they're supposed to work.
Shark attacks on people are exceedingly rare, but they do happen. Humans on surfboards can look like seals and other natural prey.
A few people have tried to start up controversial "shark culling" programs to make it legal to shoot sharks on sight. There may be a more humane and practical solution though.
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Sharks have special organs that are sensitive to electromagnetic fields and help them home in on prey. A new shark-repelling device claims to scramble this sense.
Great white sharks are usually seen as cold-blooded killers, thanks to films like "Jaws."
But the truth is, great whites rarely attack humans. More people are killed by kitchen toasters each year than by sharks.
It's the great white's extraordinary killer instincts that give these sea beasts such a misleading reputation. Still, so much about the great white remains a mystery.
In the documentary series "Inside Nature's Giants," experts carve open a great white to understand more about this species' behavior and evolution.
South Africa's Mossel Bay is a popular tourist spot known for its dense population of great whites. In 2010, a massive great white was caught in a beach net designed to protect humans. The female 12-year-old shark weighed nearly 2,000 pounds and was 15 feet long.
The first thing you'll notice is the stomach in the shark's mouth. Scientists aren't sure why this happened, but they think the shark may have vomited out its own stomach in the panic of being trapped in a net.
Image may be NSFW. Clik here to view.Underwater footage from "Shark Addicts" shows a group of divers removing a fishing hook from the jaws of a dusky shark in the waters off Jupiter, Florida, The Telegraph reports.
The GoPro footage shot early last month by videographer Mickey Smith shows diver Cameron Nimmo rubbing the tip of the sharks nose into "tonic immobility long enough for Chris Cameron to remove a large fishing hook from the sharks mouth," The Telegraph reports.
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Shark Addicts is a group dedicated to spreading shark safety information to the public while caring for injured sharks in the Florida region.
The ninja lanternshark was discovered by a team at the Pacific Shark Research Center, in Moss Landing, California. Its official Latin name is Etmopterus benchleyi, after "Jaws" author Peter Benchley. But its common name was coined by the cousins of researcher Vicky Vásquez. The four of them, aged 8 to 14, suggested "super ninja shark" but she scaled it back, according to Hakai magazine.
The ninja lanternshark is roughly half a metre, or 18 inches long, and it lives at a depth of about 1,000 metres off the Pacific Coast of Central America. Its odd combo of dark and light helps it creep up on its prey, Vásquez believes.
The discovery, reported in a recent edition of the Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation, gives us an opportunity to update our list of the world's best sharks, ranked by unusualness. Scroll on!
18. The Goblin Shark: Not only is it the ugliest shark, it's also the pinkest. At 3 metres (10 feet) long, the goblin looks terrifying. It lives near the shore, too. But don't worry, it's a slow swimmer and doesn't eat humans.
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17. The Sawshark: It's got a saw for a nose! These 1.7m (5.6-foot) sharks swim in schools and use their scary snouts to dig for prey in the sand.
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16. The Frilled Shark: It lives deep near the bottom of the ocean, avoiding the attention of the media. It gets its name from the six sets of frilly gills that sit like a collar behind its head. It has 300 teeth and grows up to 1.8m (6 feet).
Great white sharks appear to use darkness and depth to ambush prey, marine biologists have learned, thanks to unprecedented footage by an undersea drone that was attacked nine times by four sharks.
In the 13 hours of footage, the sharks cruise low above the sand, swim up to the robotic vehicle and inspect it from all sides, bump it curiously, and burst out of the blue to seize the drone in their jaws. In research published on Monday in the Journal of Fish Biology, the scientists described the first great white predatory behavior filmed from under the surface.
“Most of what we know from white sharks is from electronic tagging, or from what we see at the surface,” Greg Skomal, a biologist and lead author told the Guardian. “But when these sharks disappear, what they’re actually doing at depth, where they spend their time – we don’t have a sense of that.”
He said automated unmanned vehicles (AUVs) like his team’s let humans observe marine life in comprehensive detail, rather than what scientists can see in the fleeting shark breaches, or their encounters at the surface or through electronic tracking.
From the waters off Guadalupe, an island off Mexico where Pacific white sharks congregate, the scientists observed 10 different individuals, including the 20-foot female named Deep Blue and a local shark nicknamed Bubba. Skomal said that the behavior captured by the drone cameras supports the idea that white sharks dive down as far as 200 meters in order to use light to their advantage.
“If the shark hangs down at a great depth, in the darkness, then its prey swims above it silhouetted and the shark reduces its own likelihood of detection,” Skomal said. “The remarkable new observations indicate that [my colleagues’] hypothesis is correct, and the sharks ambush from the darkness.”
Most surprising to the researchers, Skomal said, was that “the hunter would become the hunted – the AUV was viewed by the shark as potential prey and aggressively attacked”.
Some sharks did not bite but rather bumped the drone, nudging the vehicle with their snout in what the researchers call an “agonistic” behavior – an aggressive or even defensive thump, but not anything like a committed attack. At other times the sharks simply approached the drone to look at it, before moving on along their way.
The AUV also captured sharks swimming close to the bottom when they were in shallower waters, which Skomal said may be “an effort to snatch prey or spook it up from below, or associated with navigation”.
Amy Kukulya, one of the researchers and an engineer with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, said the “groundbreaking” AUV is so far the first way scientists will be able to study white sharks and other animals in the open ocean.
“Not only do we get to see what they are doing, but we also know exactly where they are and collect data about the physical environmental in which they live.”
Although the drone has opened a window into daily life under the sea, white sharks remain mysterious. Decades of research, tagging and diving have done little to answer basic questions about the fish, including what social lives they might have and where they might reproduce.
Around Guadalupe, presumed to be a white shark haven because of the large number of seals that gather there, the drone did not observe any interaction between the sharks.
“They’re arguably the most charismatic, if not the most well-known species on the planet,” Skomal said, “and it’s still one we know remarkably little about some of its most basic natural history.”
He added that the undersea drone technology could help broader studies of marine ecology, sustainable fishing and ocean conservation. “We could apply it to studying hermit crabs as much as to great white sharks.”
A large sand tiger shark at a Seoul aquarium on Thursday is said to have eaten a large banded houndshark in the first such incident at the aquarium.
The eight-year-old female sand tiger shark, the largest in the COEX aquarium at about 2.2 metres long, is said to have slowly eaten the smaller five-year-old male shark bite by bite.
The aquarium said the attack happened at about 6:30 p.m. local time. Ten minutes later, the larger shark was filmed swimming around with the body of her tank mate, about 1.2 metres in length, hanging out her mouth.
Approximately 21 hours later, only the tip of the tail remained, as the shark swam around the aquarium's undersea tunnel in front of aquarium guests.
The tail is expected to stay in her mouth for about four to five days, the aquarium said, adding that the shark will regurgitate the creature after about a week as she will be unable to digest him.
The aquarium believes the incident to be a kind of "turf war."
"Sharks have their own territory. However, sometimes when they bump against each other, they bite out of astonishment. I think the shark swallowed the whole body, because they usually eat it all when they bite the head part," said PR manager of COEX aquarium, Oh Tae-youp.
Fights between small sharks have happened in the past, Oh added, but this kind of occurrence is rare and the first of its kind at the aquarium itself.
The aquarium started breeding big sharks about 10 years ago, according to the aquarium. Now, they say, a total of 42 sharks live together in the tank, with two turtles and 20 rays living alongside them.
A female shark at Seoul's COEX aquarium ate a smaller male after what officials describe as a "turf war," Reuters reports. After killing the male, the shark proceeded to swim around with its opponent's body hanging out of its mouth for nearly a day.
Joshua Head and his girlfriend were vacationing in Hawaii. He told her they were going to swim with sharks at the Maui Ocean Center, as she is a huge shark enthusiast. What she didn't realize is that he'd get down on one knee and propose underwater.
Story by Ian Phillips and editing by Stephen Parkhurst
More than 10,000 blacktip sharks (Carcharhinus limbatus)have been spotted off the coast of Palm Beach Country in Florida this week.
It's normal for the species to migrate en masse to warmer waters in the winter months, but this year they're further north than usual, bringing them within 100 meters of the shoreline, as you can see in this incredible image below.
"It’s not unusual, but it’s great to see them," shark biologist Stephan Kajiura from Florida Atlantic University told ABC.
"The interesting thing is these sharks are right up against the shoreline. You could stand on the shore and toss a pebble and hit a shark, they’re that close,"he explained to local radio station CBS-12.
That might sound terrifying, but don't panic — blacktip sharks are probably more scared of you than you are of them. The species doesn't grow much longer than 1.5 meters, and although they're responsible for the highest number of human attacks each year in Florida, they've never bitten anyone fatally.
"For the most part, if you look historically, we have relatively few bites on people by blacktips in this area,"said Kajiura. "[T]hese sharks are really skittish, so when you get in the water, they’re going to scatter and go away."
He added that, as long as they follow instructions from lifeguards and take regular precautions such as avoiding swimming at dusk and dawn, swimmers don't need to avoid the water.
What he's more interested in is why the blacktips have decided to stay near Palm Beach this year, rather than venturing further south the Miami-Dade and Ft. Lauderdale area. The sharks are also a little later than usual, with the species normally showing up in the area in mid-January.
There's speculation that this shift could be triggered by El Niño keeping the East Coast unseasonably warm at the end of last year, as well as ocean temperatures increasing further from the equator.
"One of the ideas may be that as they are getting south, if they are in a suitable habitat, then why not stay,"said Kajiura.
To try to figure this out, Kajiura is non-invasively tagging the blacktips, so that he can track where they're going throughout the year and how they're behaving.
He's already tagged 32 individuals, and wants to tag 60 in total to try to figure out the species' migration patterns, and how they're changing.
Either way, it's a pretty incredible sight to see such beautiful creatures chilling out alongside humans. You're welcome at beaches near us anytime, guys.
Increasingly warm waters around the globe due to climate change and El Niño led to the highest number of shark attacks ever recorded in 2015, according to data released this week.
The University of Florida found that there were 98 unprovoked shark attack incidents last year, surpassing the previous record of 88 in the year 2000.
The numbers follow an upward trend of attacks that scientists at the the university's International Shark Attack File, which collects and analyzes data on shark attacks, say is due to greater interaction between humans and sharks in the water.
That interaction has increased as air and water temperatures have increased, sending humans into the ocean for more months out of the year in more places, and sending sharks into waters that were previously too cold for them, according to George H. Burgess, curator of ISAF.
"Each year, in theory, we should have more shark attacks than ever because we have more people on earth than ever before," Burgess said. "The equation for shark attacks is one shark plus one human, you have to get them together, so it's an odds game."
Burgess said that the number of attacks could be expected continue to increase steadily as long as the world's population continues to increase, sending more humans into the sea. Shark populations, meanwhile, are either declining or remaining steady in many parts of the world, he said, due to overfishing, which should theoretically help reduce the number of attacks. But complicating factors have prevented this.
The two biggest factors in 2015 were global warming and El Niño, he said, both of which have warmed previously-cool waters enough to make them hospitable to sharks likely to bite.
"Warmer temperatures also affect humans, in the sense that we also have a water temperature preference, so we are more likely to go in the water when the temperature is one we're happy with," he said. "So more people are going into water in more northerly latitudes in the northern hemisphere, and more southerly latitudes in the southern hemisphere, so there's more opportunity for sharks and humans to get together."
Sharks that like tropical water, like bull sharks and tiger sharks, have moved beyond the traditional waters of Florida and up the southeastern coast of the United States to the Carolinas, for instance. There, an increase in population has led to more people going in the water from spring to fall, as air temperatures were also warmer in 2015. The combination leads to more potential encounters between sharks and humans and, thus, more attacks, Burgess said.
Shark attacks tend to cluster in places with large populations of both sharks and people, including tourist destinations, he said.
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In more temperate waters, like those off the coast of California and New England, white sharks have been more likely to encounter swimmers.
"We can safely say it won't be highest we'll ever see because as long as human populations continue to rise and climate change continues and periodic events like El Niño happen, that number will go up," Burgess said.
El Niño is expected to end during the spring or summer of 2016, and La Nina, which Burgess described as El Niño's "opposite," is expected to bring cooler water temperatures toward the end of the year.
The United States had the highest number of attacks, with 59 last year, as North America continued its long-term position atop the list of places with the most attacks. But there were no fatalities in North American waters during the year, and only one fatality in the US, in Hawaii.
Florida still leads the nation in terms of the number of attacks each year, with 30 in 2015. The ISAF attributes the high concentration of attacks in Florida's Brevard and Volusia Counties to having two of the most popular beaches in the state, with a huge influx of tourists and surfers using the water each year. North and South Carolina had the next highest numbers of bites, with eight each last year, followed by Hawaii, with seven bites.
Australia and South Africa, which have coastlines similar to the United States in that they range from tropical to temperate and draw large numbers of people to them, also saw high numbers of attacks.
ISAF also noted in its data that its methods for documenting and analyzing attacks has grown more efficient since it began tracking the data, which could also lead to the increasing numbers of recorded attacks.
Still, while the number of attacks has increased each year, the likelihood of being killed by a shark is "infinitesimally small," Burgess said. Most shark bites are accidents caused by sharks' poor visibility near the beach and humans' poor swimming abilities. When sharks do take a bite, they often realize their mistake, let go, and leave, Burgess said. Scientists call those mistakes "hit and run attacks," he said.
"A lot of people on the East Coast go in the water in the surf zone, where there's murky water and a lot of physical activity, tidal currents, breaking waves, and so forth. Under those conditions, animals that are making a living in that area have to make quick decisions when going after prey. They very much focus in on movement and splashing and things like that, and when we're in the water we're as about ungainly as anything can be in the sea," he said.
Surfers are still the most likely ocean-goers to receive bites, making up nearly 50 percent of all attacks in 2015. Swimmers, waders, and snorkelers are the next highest-risk groups. There were no attacks on scuba divers in 2015.
"Surfers obviously spend a lot of time in the water, much more than the average bather, and they also go out at times that are not necessarily the best times to be in the water, like dawn and dusk, before and after work," Burgess said. "That's the time period when sharks are most active in feeding."
He called surfing a "provocative" activity because of the amount of splashing and movement caused by feet, hands, and wipeouts.
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Burgess noted that both surfers and swimmers are more likely to face other water dangers, including drowning or injury, than they are to face a shark attack. And sharks are more likely to be attacked by humans, he noted. Though there are an average of six deaths per year from shark attacks, there are an average of 100 million sharks killed per year by humans, sometimes accidentally, by fishermen trawling for other large fish, and sometimes on purpose, to sell at a high-price for delicacies like shark fin soup.
ISAF released official recommendations for how to handle a shark attack with its annual report. If attacked by a shark, it notes, use an inanimate object to hit the shark in the nose to temporarily stop the attack, and then flee. If it's not possible to flee, claw at the shark's eyes or gills in hopes of stopping it, the report said.
Sarah was bitten by a shark in Palm Beach, Florida, in November. She was out for a morning swim with her boyfriend when she noticed something black and approximately 6 feet long swimming underneath her.
Before she knew it, she was out of the water trying to explain to her boyfriend what had just happened. Meanwhile, he was staring at the bleeding gash on her leg.
Story by Sarah Schmalbruch and editing by Kristen Griffin
Kenneth "Wayne" MacWilliams was scuba diving in Juniper, Florida, this February when he swam right into a giant shark with a serious mouthful of teeth.
Take a look below. The wide grin looks a lot like Bruce, the animated great white shark in "Finding Nemo."